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Elamite Bronze Zebu Bull
Greek Ceramic Figurine of a Sphinx
According to ancient literary sources, the sphinx was a monster with the face and bust of a woman, the talons of a lion, the body of a dog, a serpent’s tail and wings of a bird. Its pale appearance, venomous mouth and stony gaze characterised this demon of divine origin. Its presence amongst humans created uncertainty and fear. It is possible that this hybrid had its origin in Egyptian iconography, where it was represented with the body of a feline and a human face, and was probably related to the divine power of the pharaoh.
This terracotta piece shows a monster seated on its haunches and in profile, with its head turned to the right toward the public. The female countenance has idealised features of great beauty. The thick, wavy hair is crowned with a polos or crown on the Corinthian model. On the right wing the rendering of the feathers shows a clear interest in the anatomical details of birds: the feathers inserted into the body itself are small and short, rather like scales, while those at the extreme end of the wing are long and narrow, to help the bird take flight.
The sculptural prototype of Greek sphinxes appears around the 7th century BC in terracotta, and was usually found decorating large receptacles. A century later they appeared in marble crowning seated ex-votos on a column. The monstrous, aggressive nature of the hybrid was channelled into funerary art, serving as an apotropaic symbol to keep away malevolent forces. It was usual, therefore, to find this iconography in metopes and hollow acroteria in Greek necropoleis of the 6th century BC, usually with the animal in profile and turning its head toward the public in an attitude of defiance.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
- BILLOT, M.F. “Le Sphinx du Louvre CA 637”, Bulletin de Correspondence Hellénique. 1977.
- MARCONI, C. Temple Decoration and Cultural Identity in the Archaic Greek World. Getty Foundation. 2007, p. 90.
- RENGER, A.B. Oedipus and the Sphinx: The Threshold Myth from Sophocles through Freud to Cocteau. UCP. 2013.
- STILLWELL, A. N. Corinth: The Potters’ Quarter. Harvard Univ. Press. 1952.
Reference #
SI_GR_1034
Civilization Greek,
6th – 5th century B.C.E.
Size
H. 18 cm
Condition
In a good state of preservation, without any restoration.
Provenance,
Private collection G. A., Gardena, California, USA.
Indian Copper Anthropomorph (Idol) – Type I
Indian Copper Anthropomorph (Idol)
Type I – i.e. without hieroglyph inscription
This Indus Valley civilization copper anthropomorph is a rare and fine example of abstract silhouettes of human figures that were produced by the indigenous inhabitants of the Ganges river valley. Found together with other implements such as harpoons and rings, the figures were cast in molds from copper and then hammered, with the chisel marks left easily discernible. The natural attractive patina and the earthy deposits are signs of prolonged burial. It has been suggested that these idols functioned as protective guardian spirits.
Four Types of Anthropomorphs
ANTHROPOMORPH FEATURED HERE IS OF TYPE I, i.e. without hieroglyph inscription:
Given that pure copper is a relatively soft metal and most of the objects show little or no signs of wear, it seems likely that their function was largely dedicatory. Hoards of such objects have been found across north India, the greatest concentration being in Uttar Pradesh. The findspots suggest they were ritually deposited in rivers or marshes, though several related antennae swords were recorded in late Indus Valley civilization (ca. 1500 B.C.) burials at Sanauli.
– Type I – semi-circular headed, curved arms signifying ram’s horns, standing with spread legs.
– Type II – (Indus Script ‘fish’ hieroglyph) similar to Type I but with Indus script incription of ‘fish’ hieroglyph.
– Type III – (Seated, with right arm upraised) similar to Type I but with variants of ‘seated posture’ and one right arm lift upwards.
– Type IV – (Indus Script ‘boar’ ligature & ‘yong [sic] bull’ hieroglyh [sic] inscribed) similar to Type I but with Indus Script inscriptions/ligatures of boar’s head and hieroglyph of one-horned young bull.
Paul Yule had identified Type I and Type II artefacts from among the Copper Hoard Culture finds as anthropomorph types based on orthographic features. With the discovery of new artefacts of the Copper Hoard Culture, the typology can now be extended to four types of anthropomorphs. The types are:
– Type I – semi-circular headed, curved arms signifying ram’s horns, standing with spread legs.
– Type II – similar to Type I but with Indus script incription of ‘fish’ hieroglyph.
– Type III – similar to Type I but with variants of ‘seated posture’ and one right arm lift upwards.
– Type IV – similar to Type I but with Indus Script inscriptions/ligatures of boar’s head and hieroglyph of one-horned young bull.
The findspot of Type II “Sheorajpur Anthropomorph” (with ‘fish’ hieroglyph) is Sheorajpur where an ancient Shiva temple has been discovered. The temple ceiling is decorated with metalwork plates of sculptural friezes attesting to the metalwork tradition of the site during the Bronze Age.
Apart from the insribed or ligatured anthropomorphs with Indus Script hieroglyphs, the link to Indus Script tradition is validated by the finds of anthropomorphs in Sultanate of Oman dated to ca. 1900 BCE and to the find of an anthropomorph in Lothal (2500 BCE?). Thus the Copper Hoard Culture can be seen as a continuum of the Bronze Age Revolution evidenced by the Indus Script Corpora of over 7000 inscriptions – all related to metalwork catalogues or data archives.
It is submitted that the anthropomorphs of Copper Hoard Culture are a reinforcement of the Indus Script decipherent as metalwork cataloguing in Prakrtam (Indian sprachbund), a cipher system mentioned by Vatsyayana as mlecchita vikalpa ‘lit.cipher of mleccha/meluhha, ‘copper workers’.
While many anthropomorph examples are of small size which led Paul Yule to infer that they did not have utilitarian value as ‘metal’, some examples have been reported from Metmuseum of anthropomorphs of sizes 4 1/2 x 3 15/16 in. and 6 1/8 x 4 7/8 in. which have led to their identification as axe-heads or ax celts or copper ingots.
Srini Kalyanaraman suggests that all the anthropomorphs are orthographic form hieroglyphs of Indus Script to signify metalwork dharma saṁjñā ‘signifiers of responsibilities (in guild — as artisans/seafaring merchants) or professional calling cards’. Such dharma saṁjñā may have been disseminated as badges to herald or proclaim the holders’ professional competence in metalwork.
RV 1.10.1 indicates ‘worshippers held aloft as it were (on) a pole’ during Indra dhvaja festivals. It is possible that such anthropomorphs were held aloft on poles as exhibits during festivals to proclaim to the people the new competence in metalwork.
Parallel Anthropomorph in Museum
(located at Allahabad Museum, Allahabad, India):
– Anthropomorphic Figure, Copper hoard culture, Farukkhabad, Uttar Pradesh
– http://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/alh_ald-AM-ARCH-218-7671
Parallel “Sheorajpur Anthropomorph” in Museum
(located at State Museum, Lucknow, India):
TYPE II ANTHROPOMORPH
– Sheorajpur anthropomorph with ‘fish’ hieroglyph and ‘markhor’ horns hieroglyph. ayo’fish’ Rebus: ayo ‘iron, metal’ (Gujarati) khambhaṛā ‘fish fin’ rebus: kammaTa ‘mint, coiner, coinage’. Fish sign incised on copper anthropomorph, Sheorajpur, upper Ganges valley, ca. 2nd millennium BCE, 4 kg; 47.7 X 39 X 2.1 cm. State Museum, Lucknow (O.37) Typical find of Gangetic Copper Hoards.
– http://katalog.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/cgi-bin/titel.cgi?katkey=900213101
– http://heidicon.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/heidicon/239/213101.html
– http://heidicon.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/id/213101
– http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_lucknow.asp
– http://uptourism.gov.in/pages/top/explore/lucknow/state-museum
Parallel “Saipa Anthropomorph” in Museum
(located at Musée Barbier-Mueller, Switzerland):
– Anthropomorphic figure, Copper hoard culture, Northern India, Doab region, Ganges Valley
– http://www.barbier-mueller.ch/collections/antiquite/age-du-bronze/?lang=en
– http://www.barbier-mueller.ch/collections/antiquite/age-du-bronze/?lang=fr
Parallel Anthropomorphs in Museum
(located at MET MUSEUM, New York City, New York, USA):
– Samuel Eilenberg Collection, Bequest of Samuel Eilenberg, 1998
– http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/39432
– http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/50592
– http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/50588
– http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/50641
Parallel Anthropomorph in Museum
(located at CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF ART, Cleveland, Ohio, USA):
– Anthropomorphic Figure. India. Bronze Age. Mid/Second Half of the 2nd Millenium BCE.
– Norman O. Stone and Ella A. Stone Memorial Fund
– http://www.clevelandart.org/art/2004.31
Parallel Anthropomorph in Cleveland Museum of Art Mentioned in Scholarly Journal:
“Art of Asia Acquired by North American Museums”, 2003-2004 (p. 113, Fig. 8)
Archives of Asian Art
Vol. 56 (2006), pp. 109-132
Published by: Duke University Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20111341
Page Count: 24
cf. Scholarly Publication
Anthropomorph in Baidun Collection Most Similar to Fig. 1121 on Page 241:
– P. Yule/A. Hauptmann/M. Hughes, “The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation”, Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 36, 1989 [1992], 193-275.
– “The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation” with Appendix I and II by Andreas Hauptmann and Michael J. Hughes (p. 239, fig. 1105; see also p. 241-242 figs. 1121-1123, 1128 for similar anthropomorphs).
– http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/509/
– http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/509/1/00jrgzm_all.pdf
cf. Scholarly Publication
– P. Yule, ‘Addenda to “The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation”‘
– http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/510/
– http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/510/1/yule_man_envir_2001.pdf
cf. Scholarly Publication
– P. Yule, “Beyond the Pale of Near Eastern Archaeology: Anthropomorphic Figures from al-Aqir near Bahla’, Sultanate of Oman” within: T. Stöllner et al. (Hrsg.), “Mensch und Bergbau Studies in Honour of Gerd Weisgerber on Occasion of his 65th Birthday”, (Bochum 2003) 537-542
– http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/109/1/Yule_2003.pdf
cf. Scholarly Publication
cf. Plates with Illustrations of Anthropomorphs:
– P. Yule, “Metalwork of the Bronze Age in India”
– http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/1895/
– http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/1895/1/Metalwork_BronzeAge_India.pdf
cf. Scholarly Publication
“The Copper Hoard Culture of the Gangā Valley”
– B. Lal (1972), “The Copper Hoard culture of the Gangā Valley”. Antiquity, 46 (184), 282-287. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00053886
– https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/copper-hoard-culture-of-the-ganga-valley/EB6ABFD8D5BD193835C0145C3BD55925
cf. Scholarly Publication
– J. Manuel, “The antecedent’s diverse influences on and by Vaishnava Art, as perceptible from the times of Copper Anthropomorphic Figures” within:
Journal of Religious History South Asia, Vol. A-1 (Published Fall 2015)
– http://www.jorhsa.com/Edition_2015/Copper.pdf
cf. Scholarly Publication
“On Copper Age Anthropomorphic Figures from North India An Ethnological Interpretation”
Jürgen W. Frembgen
East and West
Vol. 46, No. 1/2 (June 1996), pp. 177-182
Published by: Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente (IsIAO)
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/29757261
Page Count: 6
cf. Scholarly Publication
“The Copper Hoards Problem: A Technological Angle”
D. P. AGRAWAL
Asian Perspectives
Vol. 12 (1969), pp. 113-119
Published by: University of Hawai’i Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/42929067
Page Count: 7
cf. Scholarly Publication
T.K.D GUPTA, “The anthropomorphic figures of the copper-hoards from India”
– https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306878726_The_anthropomorphic_figures_of_the_copper-hoards_from_India
Ancient Indus Museums
15 museums around the world where ancient Indus Civilization artifacts are live.
– https://www.harappa.com/museum
SOURCES
Links Included Above Embedded Inline + Links Below:
– http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.co.il/2016/07/all-four-types-of-anthropomorphs-of.html
– http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.co.il/2015/05/composite-copper-alloy-anthropomorphic.html
– http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.co.il/2014/01/stunning-metallic-ceiling-of-shivrajpur.html
– http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.co.il/2014/01/meluhha-hieroglyphs-snarling-iron-of.html
– http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.co.il/2014/01/stunning-metallic-ceiling-of-shivrajpur.html
REFERENCE #
SI_IN_1001
CIVILIZATION
Late Bronze, 1500 B.C.E. – 1300 B.C.E.
SIZE
Ht. 33 cm, Wd. 31 cm
CONDITION
Fine Condition.
PRICE
Price available upon request
PROVENANCE
Private English Collection, 1969
Israelite Terracotta wine vessel in the form of a ram
REFERENCE #
SI-IL-1027
CIVILIZATION
Iron Age , 1200 B.C.E. – 800 B.C.E.
SIZE
H. 11.5 cm
CONDITION
Fine condition
PRICE
$7998
PROVENANCE
Jerusalem Private Collection 1950s
Large Egyptian marble Canopic jar with lid
An Egyptian complete Canopic jar with the lid depicting the head of the falcon. Traces of paint on the marble. A complete Cartouche engraved on the front of the jar
REFERENCE #
SI_EG_1034
CIVILIZATION
Egyptian, 1200 B.C.E. – 600 B.C.E.
SIZE
H 38.7 cm
CONDITION
Some encrustations cover parts of the jar and lid. Otherwise in fine condition.
PRICE
Price available upon request
Luristan Master-of-Animals Finial Standard
The area of Luristan, in western Iran, was home to a rich tradition of bronze-working in the early part of the first millennium B.C.E., producing an array of finely-crafted and distinctive objects unique to the region. This intricately-cast standard finial was originally intended to sit atop a ceremonial staff to be carried in a procession; the bell-shaped socket at the lower end was designed to enable attachment.
The finial represents, in highly stylized form, the ‘Master of Animals’, a deity considered ancient even at the time this piece was made, and who probably had origins in Stone Age hunters’ cults. The figure has a cylindrical body, with three faces along its length. With a pair of slender arms, it fends off two serpent-like creatures. The lowest part of the figure has an exaggerated, oval-shaped torso and stands on a pair of short, bowed legs.
REFERENCE #
SI_PR_1016
CIVILIZATION
Persian, 1st millennium B.C.E.
SIZE
H. 35cm
CONDITION
Fine Condition
PRICE
SOLD
PROVENANCE
Private UK collection, late 1970’s.
MONUMENTAL MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURAL TERRACOTTA MODEL
An incredible Mesopotamian architectural terracotta model designed as an ancient Mesopotamian house with two stories. Little and narrow windows were used to preserve the internal rooms from the hot rays of the sun. The second floor with the same characteristics.
For similar see: MET Museum Accession Number: 68.155.
This piece is accompanied by a historical report from Alessandro Neri, an international Cultural Heritage expert based in Florence, Italy.
REFERENCE
#CR_MS_1017
CIVILIZATION
Babylonian-Mesopotamian, 1600 B.C.E. – 1200 B.C.E.
SIZE
43cm x 39cm
CONDITION
Fine condition
PRICE
P.O.R
PROVINANCE
Private royal collection, 1990s